4.18 The quota rule and paradoxes of apportionment methods (1)

Associated with each standard quota are two other important numbers—the lower quota (the standard quota rounded down) and the upper quota (the standard quota rounded up). If the standard quota is a whole number, the lower and upper quotas are the same.

L is used to denote lower quotas; U is used to denote upper quotas. For example, the standard quota q = 15.40 has lower quota L = 15 and upper quota U = 16.