• Course description
  • 1 Lecture 1: Preliminaries - Democracy and elections
    • 1.1 Introductory question
    • 1.2 Normative and positive statements
    • 1.3 Normative and positive statements (2)
    • 1.4 Normative and positive statements (3)
    • 1.5 Normative and positive statements (4)
    • 1.6 Democracy - normative and positive definitions
    • 1.7 Democracy
    • 1.8 Elections
    • 1.9 Partisan and non-partisan elections
    • 1.10 Direct and representative democracy
    • 1.11 Athenian democracy
    • 1.12 Athenian democracy (2)
    • 1.13 Athenian democracy (3)
    • 1.14 City-state and nation state
    • 1.15 Representative democracy
    • 1.16 Representative democracy (2)
    • 1.17 Robert Dahl on “realistic” democracy (polyarchy)
    • 1.18 Larry Diamond on representative democracy
    • 1.19 Samuel Huntington on democratic government
    • 1.20 Democracy and republic
    • 1.21 Democracy and republic (2)
    • 1.22 Democracy and republic (3)
    • 1.23 Principles of Free Elections
    • 1.24 The growth of universal suffrage in UK
    • 1.25 … The growth of universal suffrage in UK
    • 1.26 Electoral fraud
    • 1.27 Electoral fraud (2)
    • 1.28 Electoral fraud (3)
    • 1.29 Electoral fraud (4)
  • 2 Lecture 2: Voting, elections, and electoral systems
    • 2.1 Collective decisions
    • 2.2 Consensus
    • 2.3 Collective decisions (2)
    • 2.4 Collective decisions (3)
    • 2.5 Voting
      • 2.5.1 Sortition
    • 2.6 Elections
      • 2.6.1 The basic elements of an election (Retrieved from: Tannenbaum, P. (2018) Excursion in modern mathematics.)
    • 2.7 Social choice theory
    • 2.8 Voting method (electoral system)
    • 2.9 Voting method (2)
    • 2.10 Voting method (3)
      • 2.10.1 Ballot types
    • 2.11 Types of voting systems
    • 2.12 Types of voting systems (2)
    • 2.13 Types of voting systems (3)
    • 2.14 Types of voting systems (4)
  • 3 Lecture 3: Majoritarian electoral (voting) systems: how to choose the winner/winners using varieties of plurality and absolute majority systems?
    • 3.1 Preference schedule (profile)
    • 3.2 Majoritarian electoral (voting) systems
    • 3.3 Plurality Method
    • 3.4 Plurality method in SMD and MMD (a few well-known variants)
    • 3.5 FPTP
    • 3.6 Borda Count
    • 3.7 Borda Count (2)
    • 3.8 Instant Runoff Method
    • 3.9 Instant Runoff Method (2)
    • 3.10 Instant Runoff Method (3)
    • 3.11 The method of pairwise comparisons
    • 3.12 The method of pairwise comparisons - example
    • 3.13 Runoff Method (the two-round majority system)
    • 3.14 Runoff Method (2)
    • 3.15 Approval Voting
    • 3.16 Some variaties of the plurality majoritarian and the absolute majority voting systems - usage
    • 3.17 Voters’ preferences - voting system - election result
    • 3.18 Kenneth Arrow on voting systems and election results
    • 3.19 K. Arrow’s fairness criteria (1)
    • 3.20 K. Arrow’s fairness criteria (2)
    • 3.21 Condorcet candidate
    • 3.22 K. Arrow’s fairness criteria (3)
    • 3.23 Borda count violates the majority criterion
    • 3.24 The plurality method (first-past-the-post (FPTP)) violates the Condorcet criterion
    • 3.25 Plurality-with-elimination (Instant Runoff) violates the monotonicity criterion
    • 3.26 Borda count violates IIA
    • 3.27 Borda count violates IIA (2)
    • 3.28 Plurality method violates the IIA
    • 3.29 Implications of the Arrow’s impossibility theorem
    • 3.30 Summary of violations of the fairness criteria
  • 4 Lecture 4: Proportional representation - apportionment methods
    • 4.1 Types of apportionment methods
    • 4.2 Apportionment methods
    • 4.3 Apportionment methods (2)
    • 4.4 Apportionment methods (3)
    • 4.5 Standard quota
    • 4.6 Apportionment methods - what does it mean that two quantities (votes and seats) are in proportion (proportional)
    • 4.7 Apportionment methods (5)
    • 4.8 Apportionment methods (6)
    • 4.9 Apportionment methods (7)
    • 4.10 Hamilton (Hare) Method
    • 4.11 Hamilton (Hare) Method (2)
    • 4.12 Hamilton (Hare) Method (4)
    • 4.13 Jefferson-d’Hondt method
    • 4.14 Webster - Sainte-Lague method
    • 4.15 D’Hondt method
    • 4.16 Apportionment methods - examples
    • 4.17 A unification bonus - example
    • 4.18 The quota rule and paradoxes of apportionment methods (1)
    • 4.19 The quota rule and paradoxes of apportionment methods (2)
    • 4.20 The Alabama paradox
    • 4.21 Population paradox
    • 4.22 New states paradox
    • 4.23 Balinski and Young theorem
  • 5 Lecture 5: Electoral rules and electoral outcomes
    • 5.1 Mechanical and psychological effects of voting systems
    • 5.2 Mechanical and psychological effects of voting systems (2)
    • 5.3 Endogeneity in studies on electoral systems
    • 5.4 Mechanical and psychological effects of voting systems (3)
    • 5.5 Mechanical and psychological effects of voting systems (3)
    • 5.6 Mechanical and psychological effects of voting systems (4)
    • 5.7 Mechanical effect and electoral disproportionality
    • 5.8 Measuring electoral disproportionality
    • 5.9 A unification bonus (a coalition bonus)
    • 5.10 Mechanical effects of apportionment methods
  • 6 Lecture 6: Electoral districts (constituencies): redistricting, gerrymandering, and malapportionment
    • 6.1 Task
    • 6.2 Gerrymandering (1)
    • 6.3 Gerrymandering (2)
    • 6.4 Gerrymandering (3)
    • 6.5 Gerrymandering (4)
    • 6.6 Gerrymandering (5)
    • 6.7 Gerrymandering (6)
    • 6.8 Electoral districts - definition
    • 6.9 Advantages of delimiting electoral districts (1)
    • 6.10 Advantages of delimiting electoral districts (2)
    • 6.11 Advantages of delimiting electoral districts (3)
    • 6.12 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (federal rules - equal population)
    • 6.13 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (federal rules - … equal population)
    • 6.14 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (federal rules - race and ethnicity)
    • 6.15 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (state criteria - contiguity)
    • 6.16 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (state criteria - political boundaries)
    • 6.17 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (state criteria - compactness)
    • 6.18 Redistricting criteria - the case of USA (state criteria - community of interest)
    • 6.19 Malapportionment
    • 6.20 Ideal population
    • 6.21 The “material” equality of voters - example
    • 6.22 … Example
  • 7 Lecture 7: Voting behavior (1): political participation
    • 7.1 Forms of participation
    • 7.2 Who participate in politics?
    • 7.3 Who participate in politics? (2)
    • 7.4 Who participate in politics? (3)
    • 7.5 Turnout
    • 7.6 Rational choice and bounded rationality
    • 7.7 Turnout (2)
    • 7.8 Turnout (3)
    • 7.9 Turnout (4)
  • 8 Lecture 8: Voting behavior (2): How do we decide how to vote?
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Introduction
    • 8.3 Introduction - sociological accounts of voting
    • 8.4 Introduction - nature versus nurture
    • 8.5 Party identification
    • 8.6 Party identification (2)
    • 8.7 Issue voting
    • 8.8 Issue voting (2)
    • 8.9 Issue voting (3)
    • 8.10 Issue voting (4)
    • 8.11 Spatial issues (1)
    • 8.12 Valence issues
    • 8.13 Economic voting
    • 8.14 Candidates’ personal attributes
    • 8.15 Age and voting - sociological accounts of voting
    • 8.16 Gender and voting - sociological accounts of voting
    • 8.17 “New type” religious-secular division - sociological accounts of voting
    • 8.18 “New type” religious-secular division (2)
    • 8.19 Class voting
    • 8.20 Class voting (2)
    • 8.21 Class voting (3)
    • 8.22 Psychological underpinnings of voting: Heuristics
    • 8.23 Types of heuristics (1)
    • 8.24 Types of heuristics (2)
    • 8.25 Types of heuristics (3)
    • 8.26 Heuristics and biases
    • 8.27 Cognitive “heuristics” employed by voters (1)
    • 8.28 Cognitive “heuristics” employed by voters (2)
    • 8.29 Cognitive “heuristics” employed by voters (3)
    • 8.30 Cognitive “heuristics” employed by voters (4)

Intro to ES IPS (WSMiP UŁ)

5.9 A unification bonus (a coalition bonus)

Numerical example:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3etzZhjIKbVfXKrehmjRiR-l4zIkjEyOFsH87DqfgA/edit?usp=sharing