3.22 K. Arrow’s fairness criteria (3)

• The monotonicity criterion. If candidate X is the winner, then X would still be the winner had a voter ranked X higher in his preference ballot. (In other words, a voter should not be able to hurt the winner by moving him up in his ballot.)

• The independence-of-irrelevant-alternatives (iia or IIA) criterion. If candidate X is the winner, then X would still be the winner had one or more of the irrelevant alternatives (i.e., losing candidates) not been in the race. (In other words, the winner should not be hurt by the elimination from the election of irrelevant alternatives.)